AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE BIOECOLOGY, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, AND FISHERY EXPLOITATION OF THE GOLIATH GROUPER (EPINEPHELUS ITAJARA) IN NORTHERN BRAZIL

Authors

Keywords:

Population structure, Predatory fishing, Grouper, Conservation, Fisheries management

Abstract

This study presents an integrated analysis of the bioecology, population structure, spatial distribution, and fisheries interactions of the Atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) along the northern coast of Brazil. Based on a qualitative and systematized literature review, the research compiles scientific information to support conservation and management strategies. The species plays a key ecological role as a top predator and exhibits ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles inhabiting mangroves and estuaries and adults associated with reef environments, highlighting the importance of habitat connectivity. Biological traits such as slow growth, late maturation, and spawning aggregations increase its vulnerability to overfishing. Findings indicate a concerning population decline in the region, even under fishing moratoria, revealing limitations in enforcement and management effectiveness. Illegal fishing, incidental catch, and habitat degradation remain the main threats. Aquaculture is discussed as a potential complementary strategy to reduce pressure on wild stocks, provided it is sustainably managed. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for integrated conservation actions, including habitat protection, improved fisheries management, and continued scientific research to ensure the long-term recovery and sustainability of E. itajara.

Author Biographies

  • Hugo Leonardo Silva Sousa, Federal University of Maranhão

    Bachelor’s degree in Oceanography from the Federal University of Maranhão (2023). Intern at the Climate Studies and Modeling Laboratory at UFMA (LACLIMA), working with ocean wave monitoring and forecasting systems. During undergraduate studies, worked at the Aquaculture Laboratory of UFMA (AQUALAB) and at the Ichthyology and Fisheries Resources Laboratory of UFMA (LABIRPESQ) on projects related to the sustainable development of fisheries and aquaculture, with emphasis on the sustainability of fisheries resources. Has experience in fish and oyster production, as well as shellfish harvesting.

  • Alef Fontinele Teixeira, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (PRODEMA/UFMA)

    PhD candidate in Development and Environment (Federal University of Maranhão), MSc in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation (State University of Maranhão), postgraduate student in Environmental Auditing and Licensing Management (Faculdade Líbano), and Bachelor's degree in Oceanography (Federal University of Maranhão). Currently works as a technical assistant at the Ichthyology and Fisheries Resources Laboratory (LABIRPesq - UFMA) and as a researcher at the Coastal Environmental Studies and Planning Center (NEPAC - UFMA).

  • Luana do Nascimento Dias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (PRODEMA/UFMA)

    PhD candidate in the Graduate Program in Development and Environment (PRODEMA - UFMA), MSc in Development and Environment (PRODEMA - UFMA), and Bachelor's degree in Oceanography from the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA). Has experience in environmental monitoring and geoprocessing.

  • Marcelo Henrique Lopes Silva, Federal University of Maranhão

    Holds a Bachelor's degree in Oceanography from the Federal University of Maranhão (2015), a Master's degree in Aquatic Resources and Fisheries from the State University of Maranhão (2016), and a PhD in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE) from the Federal University of Maranhão (2019). Currently serves as an Associate Professor at the Federal University of Maranhão, affiliated with the Coordination of the Oceanography Program, sub-coordinator of the Graduate Program in Development and Environment (PRODEMA), where he is a permanent faculty member at both the Master’s and PhD levels, and coordinator of the Ichthyology and Fisheries Resources Laboratory (LABIRPesq).

    He carries out teaching, research, and student supervision activities in the field of Biological Oceanography, with an emphasis on ichthyology, fisheries resources, and population dynamics, as well as studies focused on environmental assessment and monitoring in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. He also coordinates and participates in funded research projects, focusing on the integrated analysis of water, sediment, and biota, including the assessment of contaminants such as heavy metals and microplastics.

  • James Werllen de Jesus Azevedo, Federal University of Maranhão

    Holds a Bachelor's degree in Aquatic Sciences (UFMA), a Master's degree in Ecosystem Sustainability (UFMA), and a PhD in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the Legal Amazon (BIONORTE Network). Currently serves as an Associate Professor (Class C2) in the Oceanography program at the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) and coordinator of the Graduate Program (Master’s) in Development and Environment (PRODEMA) at UFMA.

    Additionally, is a member of the Animal Use Ethics Committee (CEUA) and serves as an ad hoc consultant for FAPEMA and several scientific journals. Has participated in various projects related to mariculture, monitoring of aquatic organisms in estuarine environments, and water quality monitoring. Works on topics such as ecology, statistics (univariate and multivariate), environmental management, impact assessment and environmental planning, population dynamics, growth, and reproductive biology of marine and estuarine fish.

  • Antonio Carlos Leal de Castro, Federal University of Maranhão

    Holds a Bachelor's degree in Agronomic Engineering from the Federação das Escolas Superiores do Maranhão (1977), a specialization in Oceanography from the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo (1984), an MSc in Environmental Engineering Sciences from the University of São Paulo (1991), and a PhD in Environmental Engineering Sciences from the University of São Paulo (1994). Currently serves as a Full and Emeritus Professor at the Federal University of Maranhão, affiliated with the Department of Oceanography and Limnology.

    Has experience in the field of Ecology, with an emphasis on Applied Ecology, working mainly on the following topics: Fish Population Dynamics, Fish Biology and Ecology, Numerical Ecology, and Fisheries Resources. Also works in the area of Integrated Environmental Assessment, focusing on environmental impacts, planning, and monitoring, as well as in Environmental Quality and Sustainability, with emphasis on environmental health and sanitation indicators.

    Serves as a permanent faculty member in the Graduate Programs in Development and Environment (Master’s and PhD) and Health and Environment (Master’s).

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