HISTOPATHOLOGY OF GILLS AND LIVER OF TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus, FROM AN URBAN CHANNEL OF BELÉM
Keywords:
Aquatic Ecosystems, fish, anthropogenic activities, water.Abstract
The pollution of canals and streams in Belém, driven by intense anthropogenic activities in urban areas, has caused severe impacts on the region's aquatic ecosystems. The uncontrolled discharge of industrial and domestic effluents into these water bodies not only affects aquatic biota and fish assemblages but also poses a growing public health risk. In this context, the use of fish as bioindicator organisms has proven to be a valuable tool for assessing the environmental quality of these ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the health of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) through histopathological analyses in an urban canal in Belém. To achieve this, the fish were immediately anesthetized and subsequently subjected to biometrics, followed by euthanasia to collect target tissues for the study. Morphometric analyses were performed to assess the presence or absence of tissue damage. Additionally, water quality in the habitat of these fish was analyzed. The histopathological examination of the gills and hepatic parenchyma of tilapia collected from a canal in Belém revealed significant alterations. These morphological changes indicate environmental stress, likely caused by the presence of pollutants in the water. These findings underscore the urgent need for environmental management measures and pollution control to preserve the ecological integrity of these ecosystems and mitigate the risks associated with water pollution.
References
Abalaka, S.E. (2017): Histopathological evaluation of Oreochromis mossambicus gills and liver as biomarkers of earthen pond water pollution. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 15(1), Pp.57
Abdel, A.M., Essawy, A.E., Badr, K. and El-Naggar, N.M. (2016): Biochemical and histopathological changes in liver of the Nile tilapia from Egyptian polluted lakes. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(3), Pp.457–467
Abdel Rahman, A.N., ElHady, M., Hassanin, M.E. and Mohamed, A.A.-R. (2019): Alleviative effects of dietary Indian lotus leaves on heavy metals-induced hepato-renal toxicity, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture, 509, Pp.198–208.
Abiona, O.O., Anifowose, A.J., Awojide, S.H., Adebisi, O.C., Adesina, B.T. and Ipinmoroti, M.O. (2019): Histopathological bio marking changes in the internal organs of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to heavy metals contamination from Dandaru pond, Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13(1), Pp.903–911.
Acosta-Pérez, V.-J., Vega-Sánchez, V., Fernández-Martínez, T.-E., Zepeda-Velázquez, A.-P., Reyes-Rodríguez, N.-E., Ponce-Noguez, J.-B., Peláez-Acero, A., de-la-Rosa-Arana, J.-L., & Gómez-De-Anda, F.-R. (2022). Physicochemical Water Quality Influence on the Parasite Biodiversity in Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Farmed at Valle Del Mezquital in the Central-Eastern Socioeconomic Region of Mexico. Pathogens, 11(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101076
Almeida, W. R. F. de, & Souza, F. M. de. (2019). Análise Físico-Química da Qualidade da Água do Rio Pardo no Município de Cândido Sales – BA. ID on line. Revista de psicologia, 13(43), 353–378. https://doi.org/10.14295/idonline.v13i43.1534
Américo-Pinheiro, J. H. P.; Machado, A. A.; Cruz, C.; Aguiar, M. M.; Ferreira, L. F. R.; Torres, N. H.; Machado-Neto, J. G. Histological changes in targeted organs of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to sublethal concentrations of the pesticide carbofuran. Water Air Soil Pollut, p. 228-231, 2020.
Azevedo, R. V.; de Oliveira, K. F.; Flores-Lopes, F.; Teixeira-Lanna, E. A.; Takishita, S. S.; Tavares-Braga, L.G. (2015) Responses of Nile tilapia to different levels of water salinity. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, v. 43, p. 828–835.
Barhoumi, S., Messaoudi, I., Gagné, F., & Kerkeni, A. (2012). Spatial and seasonal variability of some biomarkers in Salaria basilisca (Pisces: Blennidae): Implication for biomonitoring in Tunisian coasts. Ecological Indicators, 14(1), 222-228.
Bernet, D., Schmidt, H., Meier, W., Burkhardt-Holm, P. and Wahli, T. (1999): Histopathology in fish: proposal for a protocol to assess aquatic pollution. Journal of Fish Diseases, 22(1), Pp.25-34.
Birk, S., Chapman, D., Carvalho, L., Spears, B. M., Andersen, H. E., Argillier, C., Auer, S., Baattrup-Pedersen, A., Banin, L., Beklioğlu, M., Bondar-Kunze, E., Borja, A., Branco, P., Bucak, T., Buijse, A. D., Cardoso, A. C., Couture, R.-M., Cremona, F., de Zwart, D., … Hering, D. (2020). Impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater biota across spatial scales and ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(8), 1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1216-4
Bittencourt, L. S., Pinheiro, D. A., Cárdenas, M. Q., Fernandes, B. M., & Tavares-Dias, M. (2014). Parasites of native Cichlidae populations and invasive Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in tributary of Amazonas River (Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 23, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014006
Caldeira, L. A. C., & Lima, D. P. (2020). Drenagem urbana: Uma revisão de literatura. Engineering Sciences, 8(2), Artigo 2. https://doi.org/10.6008/CBPC2318-3055.2020.002.0001
Chikwendu Ejere, V., Aguzie, O. I., Ivoke, N., Ekeh, F. N., Ezenwaji, N. E., Onoja, U. S., & Eyo, J. E. (2014). PARASITOFAUNA OF FIVE FRESHWATER FISHES IN A NIGERIAN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM. Croatian Journal of Fisheries : Ribarstvo, 72(1), 17–24. https://hrcak.srce.hr/119843
Costa, P.M. (2018): The handbook of histopathological practices in aquatic environments: guide to histology for environmental toxicology. London: Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier.
Dolenec, M., & Kužir, S. (2009). Anatomy and histology of bony fish gills as a basis of their multiple roles.
Du Plessis, A. (2023). Water Resources from a Global Perspective. Em A. du Plessis (Org.), South Africa’s Water Predicament: Freshwater’s Unceasing Decline (p. 1–25). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24019-5_1
El-Khayat, H. M. M., Sayed, S. S. M., Mohammed, W. A., & Sadek, A.-S. M. (2024). Protozoan and helminths infestation of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and its correlation with certain water quality variables along river Nile in the area of Greater Cairo. Environmental Pollution, 345, 123459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123459
Evans, D. H., Piermarini, P. M., & Choe, K. P. (2005). The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste. Physiological reviews, 85(1), 97-177.
Fahmy, M., Mahmoud, N., Mousa, M., Zaki, M., Ismael, E., & Abuowarda, M. (2021). Influence of Parasite Infestation and Water Quality Deterioration During Mass Fish Mortality Event in Manzala Lake and its Corresponding Fish Farms. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 10. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.5.955.966
FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/global-aquaculture-production/query/en
Froese, R. (2006). Cube law, condition factor and weight–length relationships: history, meta‐analysis and recommendations. Journal of applied ichthyology, 22(4), 241-253.
Froese. (2010). Fish Base. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1574231874766939904
Fox, J, Weisberg. S. An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. 2019. URL: https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion
Gensemer, R. W; Playle, R C. The bioavailability and toxicity of aluminum in aquatic environments. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology. v. 29, n. 4, p. 315-450, 1999.
Ghamdi, F., El-Kasheif, M., Gaber, H. and Ibrahim, S. (2014): Structural alterations in Gills, Liver and Ovaries of Tilapia Fish (Saratherodon galilaeus) as a Biomarker for Environmental Pollution in Ismalia Canal. Catrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(1), Pp.7–14.
Garedaghi, Y., & Pal, M. (2021). Opisthorchiasis: An Emerging Foodborne Helminthic Zoonosis of Public Health Significance. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijmpes.2020.27
Gebremedhn, H. G., & Tsegay, A. K. (2017). Review on distribution of endo-parasites of fish in Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 2(4), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2017.10.002
Getnet, M. A., Mekonnen, M. Y., Yimam, H. M., Berihun, A. M., & Malede, B. A. (2024). Histopathology based study of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) as a biomarker for water pollution evaluation in the southern gulf of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. BMC Veterinary Research, 20(1), 409.
Grier, H. J., Aranzdbal, M. C. U., & Patiño, R. (2009). The ovary, folliculogenesis, and oogenesis in teleosts. In Reproductive biology and phylogeny of fishes (agnathans and bony fishes) (pp. 25-84). CRC Press.
Hossain, F., Islam, S. M., Islam, M. S., & Shahjahan, M. (2022). Behavioral and histo-pathological indices of striped catfish (Pangasionodon hypophthalmus) exposed to different salinities. Aquaculture Reports, 23, 101038.
IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Panorama. População estimada para 2018. 2017
Ito, E. E. (2017). Survey of parasites of two fish species (Tilapia zillii and Clarias gariepinus) in Ase River Catchment, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 5(10), 417–421. https://doi.org/10.12980/jclm.5.2017J7-126
Ito, E. E., & Egwunyenga, A. O. (2024). Impact of water quality and morphometric indices on the spatio-temporal prevalence of fish endo-parasites and diversity in the Ase River, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 48(3), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-024-01668-0
kumar, N, K., T, P., J, S., & P, K. (2020). Advances in Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts and Treatment Technologies. In Advances in Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts and Treatment Technologies (p. 1–244). Agro Environ Media - Agriculture and Ennvironmental Science Academy, Haridwar, India. https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2020-aepm
Le Cren, E. D. (1951). The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). The Journal of Animal Ecology, 201-219.
Logan, R. K., White, C. F., Winkler, C., Jorgensen, S. J., O'Sullivan, J. B., Lowe, C. G., & Lyons, K. (2018). An evaluation of body condition and morphometric relationships within southern California juvenile white sharks Carcharodon carcharias. Journal of fish biology, 93(5), 842-849.
Lowe-McConnell, R. (2006). The tilapia trail: The life story of a fish biologist. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122621/records/647396963ed73003714cd3ce
Marcogliese, D.L., (2011). Parasitology module steering committee PMSC. Protocols for measuring biodiversity: parasites of fishes in freshwater update. Protocols manual for water quality sampling in Canada. Ecological monitoring and assessment network EMAN, Canada
Martel, P. H., O’Connor, B. I., Kovacs, T. G., Van Den Heuvel, M. R., Parrott, J. L., McMaster, M. E., ... & Hewitt, L. M. (2017). The relationship between organic loading and effects on fish reproduction for pulp mill effluents across Canada. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(6), 3499-3507.
Martin, Valentine, & Valentine. (2010). Competitive Interactions between Invasive Nile Tilapia and Native Fish: The Potential for Altered Trophic Exchange and Modification of Food Webs | PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014395
McAmdrew & Beveridge. (2000). McAndrew: Tilapias: Biology and exploitation—Google Scholar.https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&publication_year=2000&pages=1-32&author=BJ+McAndrew&title=Tilapias%3A+Biology+and+Exploitation
McBride, R. S., Somarakis, S., Fitzhugh, G. R., Albert, A., Yaragina, N. A., Wuenschel, M. J., ... & Basilone, G. (2015). Energy acquisition and allocation to egg production in relation to fish reproductive strategies. Fish and Fisheries, 16(1), 23-57.
Novaes & Silva. (2016). VALORAÇÃO DO RECURSO “ÁGUA” A PARTIR DA DISPOSIÇÃO A PAGAR DOS USUÁRIOS: ESTUDO APLICADO NAS ÁREAS ATENDIDAS PELA COSANPA NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE BELÉM. https://www.cea-unesp.org.br/holos/article/view/10406/7838
Oksanen, J; Blanchet, F. G; friendly, M; kindt, R; legendre, P; Mc Glinn, D. et al., Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.6-4. 2022. https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=vegan
Paiva, R, Melo, N, Gouvêa, P, Ramos, C & Costa, S. (2004). A Ocupação Urbana como fonte Poluidora dos Corpos d ́água na Região Amazônica. Estudo de Caso: Composição e Biomassa Primária da Foz do Igarapé Tucunduba (Belém-Pará). In: Uhly, S., Souza, E. L. A, (org). A Questão da Água na Grande Belém, Belém, 247.
Panda, B., Nayak, S., Mishra, G., Patra, S., Gopikrishna, O., Radhakrishnan, K., ... & Routray, P. (2022). Thermal stress response of different age group of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to various temperature regimes.
Poleksić, V., & Mitrović-Tutundžić, V. (1994). Fish gills as a monitor of sublethal and chronic effects of pollution. Sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on freshwater fish, 339-352.
Pouder, D.B., Curtis E.W., Yanong R.P.E., (2011). Common freshwater fish parasites pictorial guide: Sessile ciliates. Available at: http: edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FA-107.
R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/
Raatz, S., & Bibus, D. (2016). Fish and Fish Oil in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press.
Rani R, Sharma P, Kumar R, Hajam YA (2022) Effects of heavy metals and pesticides on fish. In: Bacterial fish diseases. Academic, New York, pp 59–86.
Raskovic, B.S.; Stankovic, M. B.; Markovic Z. Z.; Poleksic, V. D. (2011). Histological methods in the assessment of different feed effects on liver and intestine of fish. J. Agricult. Sci., v. 56, n. 1, p. 87-100.
Ramachandra, T. V., Varghese, S., K. S., A., Bhat, S., & Rahaman, M. (2016). RECURRING FISH MORTALITY EPISODES IN BANGALORE LAKES: SIGN OF IRRESPONSIBLE AND FRAGMENTED GOVERNANCE. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3150.4248
Sahani S, Sharma YC, Kim TY (2022) Emerging contaminants in wastewater and surface water. In: New trends in emerging environmental contaminants. Springer, Singapore, pp 9–30. Biological Trace Element Research, 199, 3869-3885.
Sally A Elgaml, Talat T Saad, Mohamed F Hamed and Viola H Zaki (2019): Effects of heavy metal pollutants on the reproduction of Nile tilapia. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(5), Pp. 542-547.
Shahid, S., Sultana, T., Sultana, S., Hussain, B., Al-Ghanim, K.A., Al-Bashir, F., Riaz, M.N. and Mahboob, S. (2022): Detecting Aquatic Pollution Using Histological Investigations of the Gills, Liver, Kidney, and Muscles of Oreochromis niloticus. Toxics, [online], 10(10), Pp.564.
Steckert, L.D., Cardoso, L., Jerônimo, G.T., Pádua, S.B. de and Martins, M.L. (2018): Investigation of farmed Nile tilapia health through histopathology, 486, Pp.161–169.
Suchana, S. A., Ahmed, M. S., Islam, S. M., Rahman, M. L., Rohani, M. F., Ferdusi, T., ... & Shahjahan, M. (2021). Chromium exposure causes structural aberrations of erythrocytes, gills, liver, kidney, and genetic damage in striped catfish Pangasianodon
Sures, B., & Nachev, M. (2022). Effects of multiple stressors in fish: How parasites and contaminants interact. Parasitology, 149(14), 1822–1828. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182022001172
Trata Brasil. Belém comemora 403 anos, porém com deficiências em saneamento. 2019. Disponível em: http://www.tratabrasil.org.br/blog/2019/01/15/belem-comemora- 403-anos-porem-com-deficiencias-em-saneamento/.
Tesch, F. W. (1998). Age and growth rates of North Atlantic eel larvae (Anguilla spp.), based on published length data. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 52, 75-83.
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2016. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/
Younis, E., Abdel-Warith, A.-W., Al-Asgah, N. and Ebaid, H. (2015): Histopathological alterations in the liver and intestine of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to long-term sub lethal concentrations of cadmium chloride. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 33(4), Pp.846–852.
Zimmerli, S., Bernet, D., Burkhardt-Holm, P., Schmidt-Posthaus, H., Vonlanthen, P., Wahli, T. and Segner, H. (2007): Assessment of fish health status in four Swiss rivers showing a decline of brown trout catches. Aquatic Sciences, 69(1), Pp.11–25.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the published articles will be transferred to the Uniaaraguaia Magazine, allowing its subsequent reproduction as transcription and with due citation of source. In the event of acceptance and before the publication of the article, the plaintiff (s) shall write a statement formally transferring copyright to the magazine.
The author may also print and distribute copies of his article, provided that he mentions that the rights belong to the Uniaaraguaia Magazine.
Author rights include the right to reproduce in full or partly by any means, distribute this article, including figures and photographs.
By submitting originals to the Uniaaraguaia magazine, the author or authors express agreement with the following terms:
a) Authors maintain copyright and grant Uniaraguaia magazine the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution license that allows the sharing of work with recognition of the authorship and initial publication in this magazine.
b) Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-expiration distribution of the work version published in this magazine (eg publish in institutional repository or as book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
c) Authors are allowed and are encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) to any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes as well as increase the impact and citation of published work.
